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* '''Lebih memilih sumber sekunder''' – Artikel harus mengandalkan sumber sekunder bila memungkinkan. Misalnya, makalah yang mengulas penelitian yang sudah ada, artikel ulasan, monografi, atau buku teks seringkali lebih baik daripada makalah penelitian utama. Saat mengandalkan sumber primer, disarankan untuk sangat berhati-hati. Para penulis tidak boleh menafsirkan sendiri isi sumber primer (lihat [[Javasatu:Bukan riset orisinal]] dan [[Javasatu:Sudut pandang netral]]). | * '''Lebih memilih sumber sekunder''' – Artikel harus mengandalkan sumber sekunder bila memungkinkan. Misalnya, makalah yang mengulas penelitian yang sudah ada, artikel ulasan, monografi, atau buku teks seringkali lebih baik daripada makalah penelitian utama. Saat mengandalkan sumber primer, disarankan untuk sangat berhati-hati. Para penulis tidak boleh menafsirkan sendiri isi sumber primer (lihat [[Javasatu:Bukan riset orisinal]] dan [[Javasatu:Sudut pandang netral]]). | ||
* ''' | * '''Beasiswa yang dapat diandalkan''' – Materi seperti artikel, buku, monografi, atau makalah penelitian yang telah diperiksa oleh komunitas ilmiah dianggap dapat diandalkan, jika materi tersebut telah dipublikasikan di sumber-sumber peer-review yang memiliki reputasi baik atau oleh pers akademis yang ternama. | ||
* ''' | * '''Disertasi''' – Disertasi atau tesis yang telah selesai ditulis sebagai bagian dari persyaratan untuk mendapatkan gelar doktor, dan tersedia untuk umum (sebagian besar melalui pinjaman antar perpustakaan atau dari Proquest), dapat digunakan tetapi kehati-hatian harus dilakukan, karena sering kali, sebagian, merupakan sumber utama . Beberapa dari mereka telah melalui proses tinjauan sejawat akademis, dengan tingkat ketelitian yang berbeda-beda, namun ada pula yang tidak. Jika memungkinkan, gunakan tesis yang telah dikutip dalam literatur; diawasi oleh spesialis yang diakui di bidangnya; atau ditinjau oleh pihak independen. Disertasi yang sedang diproses belum diperiksa dan tidak dianggap diterbitkan sehingga pada umumnya bukan merupakan sumber yang dapat diandalkan. Beberapa tesis kemudian diterbitkan dalam bentuk monografi ilmiah atau artikel tinjauan sejawat, dan, jika tersedia, biasanya sumber-sumber ini lebih disukai daripada tesis asli. Disertasi dan tesis master dianggap dapat diandalkan hanya jika terbukti memiliki pengaruh ilmiah yang signifikan. | ||
* ''' | * '''Jumlah kutipan''' – Seseorang mungkin dapat memastikan bahwa pembahasan sumber telah memasuki wacana akademis umum dengan memeriksa kutipan ilmiah apa yang telah diterimanya dalam indeks atau daftar kutipan seperti DOAJ. Karya-karya yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal-jurnal yang tidak termasuk dalam database yang sesuai, terutama dalam bidang-bidang yang banyak dicakup oleh jurnal-jurnal tersebut, mungkin terisolasi dari wacana akademis arus utama, meskipun kelayakan penggunaannya akan bergantung pada konteksnya. Jumlah kutipan mungkin menyesatkan jika penulis sering mengutip dirinya sendiri. | ||
* ''' | * '''Studi terisolasi''' – Studi terisolasi biasanya dianggap tentatif dan dapat berubah seiring dengan penelitian akademis lebih lanjut. Jika penelitian yang terisolasi merupakan sumber primer, sebaiknya tidak digunakan jika terdapat sumber sekunder yang mencakup konten yang sama. Keandalan suatu penelitian tergantung pada bidangnya. Hindari bobot yang tidak semestinya ketika menggunakan studi tunggal di bidang tersebut. Studi yang berkaitan dengan bidang yang kompleks dan sulit dipahami, seperti kedokteran, kurang definitif dan harus dihindari. Sumber sekunder, seperti meta-analisis, buku teks, dan artikel tinjauan ilmiah lebih diutamakan jika tersedia, sehingga dapat memberikan konteks yang tepat. | ||
* <span id="QUESTIONABLEJOURNAL"></span>'''POV and peer review in journals''' – Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.<ref group="notes">Examples include ''The Creation Research Society Quarterly'' and ''Journal of Frontier Science'' (the latter uses [http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com blog comments as peer review]). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420060736/http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com/|date=2019-04-20}}).</ref> | * <span id="QUESTIONABLEJOURNAL"></span>'''POV and peer review in journals''' – Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.<ref group="notes">Examples include ''The Creation Research Society Quarterly'' and ''Journal of Frontier Science'' (the latter uses [http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com blog comments as peer review]). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420060736/http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com/|date=2019-04-20}}).</ref> | ||
* {{anchor|Predatory journals}}'''Predatory journals''' – Some journals are of very low quality that have only token peer-review, if any (see [[predatory journals]]). These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals (see [[hijacked journals]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Beall |first=Jeffrey |authorlink=Jeffrey Beall |date=1 January 2015 |title=Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers |edition=3rd |publisher=Scholarly Open Access |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195017/https://scholarlyoa.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/criteria-2015.pdf| archive-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=NYT4713>{{cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |authorlink=Gina Kolata |date=April 7, 2013 |title=Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too) |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411001403/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Nature032713>{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees |journal=Nature |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=421–422 |doi=10.1038/495421a |pmid=23538804 |s2cid=242583 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681 |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413064730/http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681 |archive-date=April 13, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |authorlink=John Bohannon |date=4 October 2013 |title=Who's afraid of peer review? |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |pmid=24092725 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |pages=60–65}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html|title=Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals|first=Gina|last=Kolata|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=2 November 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108014011/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should ''at best'' be treated similarly to [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]].<ref group="notes">Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas, but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.</ref> If you are unsure about the quality of a journal, check that the editorial board is based in a respected [[Higher education accreditation|accredited university]], and that it is included in the relevant high-quality [[citation index]]—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. For medical content, more guidance is available at [[Javasatu:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)#Predatory journals|WP:MEDRS]]. | * {{anchor|Predatory journals}}'''Predatory journals''' – Some journals are of very low quality that have only token peer-review, if any (see [[predatory journals]]). These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals (see [[hijacked journals]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Beall |first=Jeffrey |authorlink=Jeffrey Beall |date=1 January 2015 |title=Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers |edition=3rd |publisher=Scholarly Open Access |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195017/https://scholarlyoa.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/criteria-2015.pdf| archive-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=NYT4713>{{cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |authorlink=Gina Kolata |date=April 7, 2013 |title=Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too) |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411001403/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Nature032713>{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees |journal=Nature |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=421–422 |doi=10.1038/495421a |pmid=23538804 |s2cid=242583 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681 |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413064730/http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681 |archive-date=April 13, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |authorlink=John Bohannon |date=4 October 2013 |title=Who's afraid of peer review? |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |pmid=24092725 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |pages=60–65}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html|title=Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals|first=Gina|last=Kolata|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=2 November 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108014011/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should ''at best'' be treated similarly to [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]].<ref group="notes">Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas, but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.</ref> If you are unsure about the quality of a journal, check that the editorial board is based in a respected [[Higher education accreditation|accredited university]], and that it is included in the relevant high-quality [[citation index]]—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. For medical content, more guidance is available at [[Javasatu:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)#Predatory journals|WP:MEDRS]]. |