Menyunting Javasatu:ProyekJS Schools/Article advice

{{for|advice for higher education institution articles|Wikipedia:College and university article guideline}}
{{WikiProject style advice|sort-by=Schools}}
{{WikiProject content advice|WP:WPSCH/AG|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG}}
{{Notice|imageright=[[File:School.svg|40px]]|heading=Welcome to the article guidelines page of WikiProject Schools!|If after reading this, you need feedback or help on a page you are creating, or have edited, please go to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Schools/Help|'''this page''']].<br />{{Center|[[File:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|20px]] Coordinators {{Hlist|{{User0|Tedder}}|{{User0|Steven (Editor)}}}}}} {{Hidden|header=<small>Coordinators?</small>|content=<small>The Coordinators keep the project pages on their watchlists, welcome new participants, maintain lists, keep the discussions tidy, on track, and on the right pages, and check for signatures and page links, and develop sub pages and templates as required, etc. — nothing much more than any experienced project member can do. Coordinators offer their own suggestions and opinions in the normal way.</small>}}}}

The '''WikiProject Schools article advice''' describes how the content of school articles should be organized, with the aim of providing general guidance to editors. A school in this context refers to any institution that delivers lower secondary education [[International Standard Classification of Education#ISCED 2011 levels of education and comparison with ISCED 1997|ISCED 2011 level 2]] or upper secondary education [[International Standard Classification of Education#ISCED 2011 levels of education and comparison with ISCED 1997|ISCED 2011 Level 3]] as defined by the [[International Standard Classification of Education|ISCE]]. It is recommended that the guidelines be read fully ''before'' starting a new article, in particular, the [[#Notability|notability section]]. Institutions offering [[International Standard Classification of Education#ISCED 2011 levels of education and comparison with ISCED 1997|ISCED 2011 level 1]] will normally not have a separate article, but be placed in a schools section in their controlling authority.

== Notability ==
Notable is defined, in the Collins Online Dictionary as: ''worthy of being noted or remembered; remarkable; distinguished''.<!-- (us) worthy of notice; remarkable; outstanding --> <ref>{{cite web|title=Notable definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/notable|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|publisher=Collins|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

<span id="N"></span> Wikipedia uses the first meaning to decide whether the topic is worthy of inclusion. The school does not have to be remarkable or distinguished, just worthy of being noted<!-- this is an essay so my interpretation is acceptable if the community does not reject it-->. Wikipedia decides whether a school is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable enough]] for a stand-alone article by assessing, whether it "has received ''significant coverage'' in ''[[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]]'' that are ''[[WP:Independent sources|independent]] of the subject''".<!--Link to Policy above-->

{{Wikiproject notability essay|type=section|WP:WPSCH/AG#N|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#N}} 
{{See also|Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Common outcomes#Education|Wikipedia:Notability (high schools)}}

Individual articles must usually meet either the Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Notability|general notability guideline]] or the [[Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|organizations and companies subject-specific notability guideline]] – note that the notability requirement is to pass one of the two guidelines; there is no obligation to pass both. None of the many discussions over the years have reached a consensus, with the current practice being generally observed as evidenced by thousands of examples.

*'''School articles are exempt''' from [[WP:CSD#A7|speedy deletion criterion A7]].
*'''Non-notable school articles''' are generally blanked and [[WP:REDIRECT|redirected]] to the school district's article (USA) or to an appropriate section on the article about its locality (rest of the world) and merging any appropriate content. The '''[[:Template:R from school|R from school]]''' template should be placed on the redirect page, which then also automatically populates the related category. This is an uncontroversial operation and avoids unnecessary use of [[WP:PROD|PROD]], [[WP:CSD|CSD]] or [[WP:AfD]] and is governed by policy at [[WP:ATD-R]]. 

In practice, articles on [[High school|high]]/[[Secondary school|secondary]] schools and [[school district]]s are usually kept, as they are almost always found to be notable, unless their existence cannot be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verified]] in order to stop [[Wikipedia:Hoax|hoaxes]]. Articles on elementary/primary and middle schools are normally blanked and redirected or merged into the school district article (USA) or the appropriate locality article. There are however 60 stand-alone articles on primary schools in London because they were found 'notable'. Articles on educational establishments are formally exempt from the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#A7|speedy deletion A7 criterion]], but totally inappropriate articles can and should be tagged for deletion under any other [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#General|general]] or [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Article|article]] criterion that applies.

;Types of schools
The [[International Standard Classification of Education|ISCE]] has defined lower secondary education [[International Standard Classification of Education#ISCED 2011 levels of education and comparison with ISCED 1997|ISCED 2011 level 2]] and upper secondary education [[International Standard Classification of Education#ISCED 2011 levels of education and comparison with ISCED 1997|ISCED 2011 Level 3]], which in many education authorities are delivered in the same school. 
*Primary education: Generally called 'Elementary School' in the US, and 'Primary School' in most other English speaking countries. ''École primaire'' (France), ''Grundschule'' (Germany)
*Lower secondary education: examples are Middle School, Junior High School, ''Collège'' (France), 
*Upper secondary education: High School, Senior High School, Sixth Form College (UK), ''Lycée'' (France)

In Germany secondary education is complex and varies from state to state. It includes ''Hauptschule'' and  ''Realschule'' which generally educate to Grade 10, ''Gymnasium'' which educates to Grade 12 and 13, and ''Gesamtschule'' which combines the focus of all three but may not necessarily include the final years which lead to university entrance standards.

In China an institution called a "middle school" in English may in fact be, in Chinese, a "secondary school" or 中学 (which really means ''any secondary school''). The actual Chinese word equivalent to an American definition of a "middle school" (lower secondary) is 初中 chuzhong while upper secondary/senior high is 高中 ("gaozhong"). A "zhongxue" often has both levels. Check with [[Wikipedia:WikiProject China]] if you are unsure whether a Chinese "middle school" has an upper secondary/senior high school component.{{efn|{{List of names for secondary schools by country}}}}

It is recommended that editors only create a school article when its content shows that it already passes the notability guideline by displaying significant coverage in [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]]. Some editors cite the contents of [[WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES]] or this page as reasons for keeping school articles that don't (at face value) meet notability requirements; it should be noted, however, that these pages simply document the current practice and are not in themselves authoritative. It is advised to draft an article in the [[Wikipedia:User pages|user space]] (such as at [[Special:Mypage/School article]]) or more preferably in the [[WP:Draft|Draft]] namespace where it will get more attention and help from others. It can then be moved and published into the [[Wikipedia:Mainspace|main space]] when it is ready. This prevents deletion while the article is being developed.

==General tips==
{{selfref|For the Wikipedia guideline on an article's layout, see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (layout)]].}}
<span id="GT"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#GT|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#GT}}
# '''Start your article''' in your [[:File:Tutorial on starting a sandbox article on Wikipedia.ogv|sandbox]] especially if it's your first Wikipedia article, before you post it to the main page where everyone in the world will see it immediately. If you are not sure how to do this, ask a schools project member from the lists at [[WP:WPSCH/P]].
#'''Style'''. Keep the prose 'tight'. This is an encyclopedia{{mdash}}avoid the use of familiar language, contractions (it's, he's, don't, etc.), and magazine or blog style. Do ''not'' use the first person plural 'we'.
#'''Avoid advertising'''. Don't use [[Hype|promotional language]] about your school or words that [[WP:PEACOCK|boost its image]]. Remember that this is an encyclopedia&mdash;it's not a school brochure, website, or Facebook entry. 
#'''Avoid stubs'''. Only add schools that you are willing to do ''significant'' research on, and complete most of the generally required page sections. Don't automatically assume that someone else is interested enough in your school to finish it for you. Under certain conditions, very poorly made articles might simply get deleted and your effort will be lost.
#'''Avoid short sections'''. Consider combining sentences into flowing paragraphs of prose. Remember that books don't have one-line chapters. Section headings are large and too many in a small area make the page [[WP:MOS|look ugly]]. Delete empty sections.
# '''Avoid ambiguity'''. Include the country of your school in the lead section. Wikipedia is read worldwide, and not everyone speaks the same English as you; some words have very different meanings in different countries. Dates should always be written out in full i.e. 4 July 1984 in the body as well as in inline references. Abbreviations must be written out in full at the first occurrence, and local terminology must be explained or wiki-linked, for example, [[K–12 (education)|K–12]], [[Twelfth grade]], [[Reception (school)|Reception]], [[sixth form]]. Use wiki-links wisely; don't [[MOS:OVERLINKING|overlink]], check that the content is helpful and applies in the education system you are describing. For example, the letter ''K'' in the British school system is an abbreviation for [[Key Stage]], but in the US is an abbreviation for [[kindergarten]]. Kindergarten is a pre-school in most European countries but part of the school system in North America. A [[prep school]] in the UK is an independent (private) primary/elementary school catering for students up to the age of 13 whereas in America a prep school prepares students for entry to university. A [[grammar school]] is a selective [[secondary school]] in Europe but an [[elementary school]] in North America. A college in the US is usually a university. In the United Kingdom, "college" has a multiplicity of meanings: [[Sixth form college]]s and [[further education]] colleges provide education for students aged between 16 and 19 years. In the tertiary sector, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are made up of constituent colleges. College is also sometimes used to refer to university education. 
# '''Write a strong lead.''' Be sure to write a [[WP:Lead|lead]] that concisely summarizes the school into one or two paragraphs which make sense to someone who may know nothing about the school in question, and remember to include the country where the school is located.
# '''Support your contributions.''' Before you start an article on a school, or make additions, it is strongly suggested you first have an adequate amount of verifiable information about the school readily available, written in [[WP:RS|reliable published sources]], independent of the school. This will make meeting the recommended content requirements far easier than trying to find all the information after you have already started the article (or hoping others will).
# '''Images.''': Using images and school crests, emblems, or logos can greatly enhance articles, but only use them when they help illustrate the topic (e.g. are relevant), and ensure that they are [[Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License|freely licensed]] or in the [[public domain]] (see [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]). In most cases, the only way to accomplish this is for you to take the photo yourself and upload it following the instructions for licensing. For crests, emblems, or logos, see the special instructions in the infobox section.
# '''Infobox.''' Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Infobox|infoboxes]] are an important element of many page types. They provide an overview of essential school information in a format that is common to all school articles. (See the main infobox section below). Flag icons [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (icons)#Avoid flag icons in infoboxes|should not be used]].
#'''Go back to your new article''' in a day or two to see if it has been tagged for you to do something urgent about it. Someone might even have listed it for deletion.
#'''Return to your article frequently'''. A Wikipedia article, like all encyclopedias, is always a work in progress. Heads change, the number of students changes, new inspections are published, some former students (alumni) become famous, and someone may have [[WP:VANDAL|changed your edits]] and damaged your work.
# '''Avoid bulk additions.''' The mass creation of short school articles is ''strongly'' discouraged and can even cause authors to be blocked for disruptive editing. 
# '''Get help!''' Post a question at [[WP:WPSCH/H]] or check out the various lists of coordinators and ''active'' members of this project at [[WP:WPSCH/P]] and don't hesitate to ask for help on their talk page, many of them are beginners too and you can help each other, while some of the lists are of really cool experts who just love to help out.
# '''Be bold!''' If you have already edited Wikipedia pages, you probably know what [[Wikipedia:The_perfect_article|perfect articles]] look like. They cover everything they should without going on forever. Common sense could have told you almost all of the items mentioned above. Ultimately, assume [[good faith]] and go out there and write some [[WP:GA|good articles]]!

==Neutral point of view==
<span id="NEUT"></span><span id="NPOV"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#NPOV|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#NPOV}}

Take care to maintain a neutral point of view when describing a school. It is especially important to avoid [[WP:PUFFERY|''vague praise'']], and overly [[WP:PEACOCK|''descriptive adjectives'']], even if sourced. Whether government or privately operated, school articles must never appear to be promotional. 

Avoid [[WP:MISSION|mission statements]] and goals, as they are generally promotional. 

Avoid comparing schools (sports results, exam results) to introduce rivalry or to promote the school. Although written for colleges and universities, the advice in [[Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism]] also applies here. Some examples that have been found in the past:

<small>
* "School X has had a long and glorious tradition."
* "School X has been consistently been ranked as one of the top public high schools in both the state and country."
* "School X has one of the lowest admissions rates in the country."
* "School X has 98% A-level passes, school Y 12 miles away has 75%."
</small>

Avoid stating names or numbers of students who obtained places at X, Y, and Z universities.

==Structure==
<span id="S"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#S|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#S}}

Follow the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Wikipedia Manual of Style]] and [[Wikipedia:Only make links that are relevant to the context|only make links that are relevant to the context]]. Days, months and years should not be linked in school articles unless the inclusion of such a link is of specific relevance to the article, and if a complete date is required, write the date in full, e.g.: '''5 November 1985'''. 

The key to writing a good school article is to explain why the school is ''unique''. What makes it different from every other school? Does it have [[Brooklyn Technical High School|special programs]]? A history of [[Saint Ignatius High School, Cleveland, Ohio|championship sports teams]]? Famous [[Upper Canada College|alumni]]? Has there been a [[Winter Springs High School|noteworthy event]] there?
===Title===
The title of the Wikipedia article will normally be the same as the current name of the school.
====Changing the title====
The UK, and England in particular, has an annoying propensity for renaming or rebranding its schools. A solution is to merge the '''entire''' content and leave redirects so that nothing gets lost. Examples are [[Malvern_Hills_College]], [[Crown Woods College]] and [[WCG (college)]]. The talk page also needs to be copied across. [[Talk:Malvern_Hills_College]] et c. This can be done by the '''move''' tool found on tab on the page header bar.

====Defunct schools====
There is no consensus anywhere whether articles about schools that have ceased to exist should be redirected or deleted. An article that is notable does not become unnotable because its subject is dead or defunct.

===Sections of the article===
The following section names are for guidance only, and may be adjusted to suit local spelling, custom, and organization. Do not use very short sections; very short articles are best kept to a single section only, avoiding unnecessary page clutter.

====Infobox====
<span id="IB"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#IB|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#IB}}

All school articles should have an [[WP:infobox|infobox]]. This gives readers quick, concise information about the subject.

=====Selecting the correct Infobox=====
Please use one of the existing templates; do not create a new infobox template for any school subject without discussing it at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Schools]] first. Do not copy and use infoboxes from other school pages, they may well be the wrong ones, or older deprecated versions. Infoboxes contain programme code that you cannot see, it is essential that you read the relative infobox documentation and the examples. Below are the shortcuts to the most common templates used for primary and secondary schools:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Article subject !! Infobox to use
|-
| Schools || {{tl|Infobox school}}
|-
| School District (mainly Canada and United States} * || {{tl|Infobox school district}}
|-
| Multi-academy trust (mainly England} * || {{tl|Infobox non-profit}}
|-

|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |* Indicates exceptions exist. See the [[:Category:Education infobox templates|complete listing]] of infobox templates.
|}

=====Infobox contents=====

Provide the basic details about the school, include a street address, and the name of the county (UK, US), state/province (Australia, Canada, India, US, etc.), ''Landkreis'' (Germany, Austria), ''Département'' (France), canton (Switzerland) etc., Post Code/Zip, and geographical coordinates. For the UK, use the constituent country&mdash;England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales. These countries have their own governments/assemblies and education departments. 

See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes]] to know the consistency, consideration, purpose, and usage of what information should be included in infoboxes. More specifically, see '''{{t|infobox school|Infobox school}}''' for complete list of parameters:

======Avoid======
:*Contact details such as phone, fax, email. ([[WP:NOTDIR|policy]])
:*Deputy heads/principals ([[WP:NOTDIR|policy]]) (see also [[WP:RFCSCHOOLADMIN]])
:*Deputy chairpersons
:*Temporary positions
:*[[Pre-nominal letters|Pre]] and [[Post-nominal letters|post nominals]] (CEO, Dr, BA, BSc, MA, PhD, etc.)
:*Mr, Mrs, Ms, Miss, unless the gender is not obvious. For example ''John F. Doe'' or ''Mary Bloggs'' or ''J. Doe (Ms)'' or M. Bloggs (Mr). (Note that as marital status can change and is not necessary to know, for females it is always more correct to use 'Ms'.)
:*Flag icons

======Do include======
:*A referenced source for the number of students, or at least the year in brackets i.e. (2007) including for faculty and other information that is annually (e.g. budget, student to teacher ratio, teaching staff, or graduates). Round up or down to the nearest 10, and use the abbreviation ''approx'' if only very appropriate (optional).
:*The school motto. If it is not in English, use the appropriate language template, for example for Latin use <nowiki>{{lang-la|motto goes here}}</nowiki> and then provide a translation.

{{anchor|Adding logo}}
:*The school's [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]], logo, [[Seal (emblem)|seal]], emblem and/or [[coat of arms]] (generally not larger than about 150 pixels). You can either copy this from a school's website or scan it from a school document. Where possible choose a .png file with a transparent background. Be aware the logo is copyrighted material, and the image must have a fair use statement.
::The '''Upload File Wizard''' leads you through all the necessary questions and prevents you from omitting essential information. You select '''This is a copyrighted, non-free work, but I believe it is Fair Use''' option, say '''This is a logo of an organization'''  You must provide a '''source''', and the '''target page'''. Tell them that it is minimal as it is ''Used in infobox on one page''. 
::Previously all this was copy and pasted as fair use rationale in the ''fair use/description'' field, on the file, in the format given below!

<small>
<pre style="overflow:auto">:Fair use in '''<nowiki>[[page name]]</nowiki>'''
:Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws, and :the stricter requirements of Wikipedia's non-free content policies, because:
:# Source: '''<nowiki>[http:// school website]</nowiki>''' Retrieved '''DD/month/year'''
:# It illustrates an educational article about the entity that the logo represents.
:# The image is used as a school infobox illustration.
:# It is a low-resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
:# The logo is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logo.
:# It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.</pre></small>
:* A '''map'''. A map is added automatically to the infobox when co-ordinates are present. Often you may wish to override this one and add further information such as a second site or different zoom level. This is done by using a {{t|Maplink}} and the parameter <code>|&nbsp;mapframe-custom   =</code> 
<small><pre>
| mapframe-custom   = {{Maplink |frame=yes |plain=yes |frame-align=center |frame-width=270 |zoom=13
  |type=point |coord={{Coord|51.3775|0.5174}} |marker=school |title=Main Campus |description=
  |type2=point |coord2={{Coord|51.372559|0.521114}} |marker2=school |title2=Lower School |description2=
  }}
</pre></small>

====Lead====
In the first sentence give the full official name, common names, and former names of the school in '''bold''' text, and its type and location. 
:e.g. '''[[The Judd School]]''' (often known simply as '''Judd''') is a [[Voluntary aided school|voluntary aided]] [[grammar school]] in [[Tonbridge]], [[Kent]], England.
:or '''[[Stuyvesant High School]]''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|aɪ|v|ɪ|s|ən|t}}) commonly referred to as '''Stuy''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|s|t|aɪ}}) is a [[State school|public]] [[Magnet school|magnet]], [[Specialized high schools in New York City|specialized high school]] in [[New York City]], United States. 
Use ''italic'' text for names of the school in other languages besides English; and detail about its location (town/municipality, county/state/province, and country). 

Add a few facts about the school that make it unique. Provide the name of the founder and founding name, and affiliation with any larger school system or education organization, if applicable. Include brief statistics on the number of pupils (always state the date when the information is current and be cautious about having too many statistics that will need to be updated frequently). 

Summarize the main sections of the article – history, alumni, buildings, etc. Facts always need a reference, but if they are correctly referenced in the sections below you don't duplicate the reference here.

====Other sections====
<span id="OS"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#OS|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#OS}}
<div style="clear:right;background:#ddd;border-spacing: 12px; width:22em;float:right;font-size:90%;"><tt>
 == History ==<br/>
 == Governance ==<br/>
 == School structure ==<br/>
 == Admissions ==<br/>
 == Curriculum ==<br/>
 == Extracurricular activities ==<br/>
 == Campus ==<br/>
 == Awards and recognition ==<br/>
 == Notable alumni ==<br/>
 == Notable staff ==<br/>
 == Former headteachers ==<br/>
 == References ==<br/>
 <nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki><br/>
 == External links ==<br/>
 <nowiki>* {{Official website|www.example.com}}</nowiki></tt>
</div>
* '''History''' – Describe the history of the school, including noteworthy milestones in its development. If the school is named after a notable person, include a wikilink to the article on that person. If the school is named after a non-notable person, include a 1 to 2 sentence biography. If applicable, describe the namesake's connection with the school.
* '''Governance''' – Describe the legal status of the school, its foundation deed if private, and – if state-funded – the controlling authority and the composition of the governing body.
* {{anchor|school structure}} '''School structure''' – Describe how school organizes and manages the pupils pastorally, academically and for competitive events. Talk about class size, academic streaming or setting, home-school contact policy and special needs provision. Also, if notable the staffing structure can be discussed here. (faculties, departments, year group teams)
* '''Admissions''' – (if notable) Describe admissions procedures at 11 and 16, showing the criteria and priorities in cases of over-subscription. This is the place to discuss fees and bursaries.
* '''Curriculum''' – Provide a brief description of the school's curriculum. Does it follow a national or state curriculum or does it set its own subjects? Focus specifically on aspects of the curriculum which are unique to the school. Is it the only school in the locality that teaches Mandarin, Latin, or Greek? Does it have a culinary academy? Do not insert long lists of subjects taught, school performance tables, marching band shows, or its drama group productions—Wikipedia is not a publicity exercise or a second brochure.
*'''Extracurricular activities''' – Mention the sports team(s) of the school and what is notable about them. Here is also a good place to mention specific traditions of the school that have received coverage in secondary sources, like [[students' union]]/student council activities, a student newspaper, regular activities, etc. The heading may be changed accordingly in regard to the importance of sports, traditions, students' unions, etc. For example, alternative headings could be '''Students' union, sports and traditions''' or '''Students' union activities'''.{{pb}}Specific students should not be mentioned unless they are notable in their own right, such as  [[Daniel Radcliffe]] who was famous while still in school. Major extracurricular championships should be appropriately listed in a "Sports", "Athletics", or "Activities" section. These can include any achievements that are particularly relevant to the school's reputation, provided that only the highest achievements are listed such that the article does not give undue weight to minor achievements. Individual awards should generally not be listed.
* '''Campus/school site and properties''' – Describe the ''overall'' shape and size of the school site/campus. Ideally a picture of the school should be included if a free image is available. Mention any famous buildings or stadia and their architects if interesting or notable, and consider creating a '''Building(s)''' section where appropriate, as in [[City of London School#Buildings]]. Do not include detail of each building, its classrooms, or equipment.
* '''Awards and recognition''' – A list of notable awards and recognition received by the school, staff, or students. Such a list should only include awards that are themselves notable, and if the school received the same type of awards in multiple years, they should not be listed separately. If the list becomes too long it should be split into a separate sub-article with a summary left in the main article. Awards and recognition may also be mentioned in other sections of the article at editor's discretion, even if the awards themselves are not notable. For awards/recognition given to school clubs or sport teams, list them in the appropriate section e.g. '''Sports and traditions'''. See the guideline under the '''Extracurricular activities''' section for details on alternative headings that may be used for information on school clubs and sports. If the school has received only a few academic awards, consider putting them as [[prose]] under the '''Curriculum''' section.
* '''Notable alumni''' – If possible, provide a list of [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|notable alumni]] of the school with appropriate and sourced detail on each, moving the list to a [[List of Old Malvernians|separate article]] if it is too large. The section may also include an overview of the school's alumni, providing appropriate details where available, such as the school's reputation for their alumni, the fields in which the school's alumni have had an impact, and any alumni society. See [[#Alumni]] for further guidance.
* '''Notable teachers/faculty/staff''' – The names of current and former teachers should only be included if they are notable in their own right (for example, they are published authors or they have won a teaching award), or they have been the subject of multiple non-trivial press coverage.
* '''Former headteachers/principals''' – A list of former headteachers/principals, with a short description of their achievements, is often useful. Long lists should be split into a separate article (such as the [[List of headmasters at Eton College]]).
* '''References''' {{anchor|acceptable references}}– [[WP:CITE|Provide]] [[WP:V|verifiable]] [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] of information about the school, that are independent of the school itself. An article should not rely solely on what its subject has to say about itself (as with any article in Wikipedia). '''A school's own website is not an independent source''', though can be an [[WP:SELFSOURCE|acceptable source]] for information sections involving no value judgments, such as [[#School structure|school structure]]. References from third-party sources are preferable and particularly important for school awards and contentious statements. For private schools in North America, an accreditation body or government source should be provided to show the organization is a legitimate school; for the UK this will generally be [[Ofsted]]. There is no requirement on Wikipedia for sources used in articles to be online; either online or offline sources can be used as long as they are correctly cited, reliable, and published. If a resource is online, consider the future possibility it will go offline (newspapers often allow free reading only for recent stories), and provide sufficient information so that the story will still be found (author, publication, full article title, date, and if possible the [[Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine|archive URL]]). [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (footnotes)]] contains technical details on how to correctly format footnotes.
* '''External links''' – Give a link to the website of the school, preferably one in the English language. Include other informational links that might interest readers, but whose contents might be beyond the scope of inclusion in the article (for example, links to the school's Parent Teacher Association). For understanding of adding external links to the school article(s), see [[WP:EL|guidelines of adding external links]].

===School district and list of schools articles===
Should you wish to create or improve an article on a school district or create a list of schools article, a fine example can be found at [[Dallas Independent School District]], and a list at [[List of schools of the Dallas Independent School District]]. A less complicated example list is [[List of Clark County School District schools]].

===What not to include===
<span id="WNTI"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:WPSCH/AG#WNTI|WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG#WNTI}}
<!-- Items for inclusion in this list should be discussed on the talk page first. -->

School articles should be written from a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]] and only contain material of encyclopaedic interest; lists should be kept to a minimum; [[prose]] with context to the individual school is preferred. Remember that [[WP:NOT#DIR|Wikipedia is not a directory]], [[WP:NOTNEWS|a depository of news links]], a [[WP:NPS|host of primary source material]], or a [[WP:PROMO|place for promotional material or advertising]].

Any mention of living people must conform with the [[WP:BLP|biography of living persons policy]], including the [[WP:BLPNAME|presumption in favour of privacy]]. While naming the [[head teacher]] or principal is permitted, lists or detailed information about current or former pupils, parents of current or former pupils, administrative staff, school secretaries, current or former teachers etc. is usually inappropriate. Special care should be taken in regards to the mention of individual pupils or providing information that would allow individual pupils to be identified (particularly where they are underage); such disclosures should only occur in exceptional circumstances. School articles must be balanced, as well as not give [[WP:UNDUE|undue prominence]] to [[WP:NOTNEWS|events]] outside the control of the school that have involved staff or students.

School articles should also specifically ''not'' include:

* Excessive amounts of detail about the school uniform or dress code, unless it has seen significant coverage in multiple [[third-party source]]s. However, the uniform may still be mentioned ''briefly'' without this level of coverage, particularly if it is unusual; 
* Trivia which is only of interest to pupils in the school (such as school timetables, [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Schools/Archive_14#Bell Schedules|bell schedules]], class-by-class rules, daily lunch menus, location of the toilets, or a room-by-room description of the school facilities);
* School houses, so beloved by Hogwarts fans, pose an interesting problem, they are relevant and should be mentioned if they serve a pastoral function but count as trivia if they are add-ons only rolled out on sport day to form artificial competition. <!-- codifying existing practice-->
*Wikipedia articles about schools must be neutral. The purpose is not to bring shame to educational institutions. Any such additions will be removed by the School Project coordinators or any other editor. The fact that such activities may be reported in the press is no business of an encyclopedia. Persistent reinsertion of such content may result in sanctions for the editor. See: [[WP:NOTNEWSPAPER]], [[WP:UNDUE]], [[WP:NPOV]],and [[WP:BLPCRIME]].
* Current school events which are only of short-term interest;
* Telephone numbers, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses (postal addresses are acceptable in infoboxes);
* Country or regional flags, [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (icons)#Avoid flag icons in infoboxes|including within infoboxes]];
* Lists of colleges and universities that have accepted students from the school;
* Copies of the school's [[Wikipedia:Avoid mission statements|mission statement]], aims, or goals – these are generally considered promotional;
* Comparisons of sports results, exam results, etc. between schools which introduces rivalry, unless third-party reliable sources themselves make such comparisons; otherwise this is a form of [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]]. Such content can also be considered promotional, and although written for colleges and universities, the advice in [[Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism]] also applies here;
* The lyrics of the school song (or school anthem). However, the lyrics may be placed on [[Wikisource]] and linked to from the article using {{tlx|Wikisource}} if it can be verified that the song is in the [[public domain]] or has been released by the copyright holder under the [[Creative Commons licenses#Original licenses|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence]]. See [[Wikipedia:Public domain]] and [[Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights]] for guidance on when material will enter the public domain.

==Formatting==
===Capitalisation===
:School subjects would generally be lower case except where they contain proper nouns such as languages. If referring to a specific named course like Geography 205 Spatial Distribution of Populations, that would be capitalized. For a high school class where there's one course in the social sciences department named Geography, it could be capitalized, but there's seldom a need to. Generally – capitalize proper nouns. People in education tend to overcapitalize subject areas, but Wikipedia doesn't.<!-- Taken from [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters]] [[User:SchreiberBike|SchreiberBike ]] oldid=886839784-->
==Applicable categories==
{{selfref|For the Wikipedia guideline on categories, see [[Wikipedia:Categorization]].}}
Try to avoid [[Wikipedia:Overcategorization|overcategorization]]. Generally all of [[:Category:Education]], but especially articles in the subcategories of

*[[:Category:High schools and secondary schools by country]] for secondary schools and high schools, divided by country and then subdivided by state, county or region
*[[:Category:Middle schools]] for middle schools, divided by country and then subdivided by state or region
*[[:Category:Elementary and primary schools]] for elementary or primary schools, divided by country and then subdivided by state, county or region
*[[:Category:Private schools]] for private (non–government run) schools
*[[:Category:Educational institutions by year of establishment]] categorized by year the school was founded, divided by century, decade, and then year.
*[[:Category:School districts]] (for schools in Australia, Canada, and the US)

See also:

*[[List of schools by country]]
*[[List of the oldest schools in the world]]
*[[:Category:Education by country]]
*[[:Category:Public education in the United States]] for American public school (government-run) systems and broader public education topics, divided by state.

==Sources==
{{see|#acceptable references}}
===History===
Some schools have published histories. Check the online catalogue at [http://www.worldcat.org WorldCat]. For UK schools the best reference is [http://copac.ac.uk/ COPAC]. Smaller schools might not have deposited a school history with one of the major deposit libraries so check the catalogue of the relevant local library (most are now online). Even if you do not live in the locality, it is possible to borrow any book for a modest fee via the inter-library loan system.

Many schools have buildings that are of architectural importance. Some English schools have been classified by [[English Heritage]] as listed buildings and are included on the [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/default.aspx Images of England website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915095329/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/default.aspx |date=2007-09-15 }}, while some American schools are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

===Statistics===
====Australia====
*[http://www.myschool.edu.au My School] is a website administered by the [[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) which provides access to information about Australian schools.
*[http://www.schoolchoice.com.au/ SchoolChoice] provides information on a number of New South Wales and Victorian schools (mostly private schools), including history, enrolment numbers, facilities, location and occasionally alumni. Please note that fees and revenue information should not be included in Australian school articles.
*[http://www.boarding.org.au/ Australian Boarding Schools' Association] has a fairly comprehensive listing of boarding schools in all the states of Australia. Includes introductory information about schools, enrolment statistics, contact details, and year levels offered.
*[http://www.australianschoolsdirectory.com.au/search-feature.php Australian Schools Directory] Provides fairly detailed information on schools with featured pages.

====United Kingdom====
''(Note: Following major changes in UK government in 2010, some UK agencies have changed their focus and/or their websites. See also: [https://www.ukboardingschools.com/advice/independent-school-inspections/ Independent School Inspections])'' 

* '''England''':
** The [[Department for Education]] (DfE) on the [[Gov.uk|GOV.UK]] website has comprehensive information about schools.
*** "[https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/ Get information about schools]" page allows you to search for a school and provides detailed information such as location, enrolment figures, a link to the school’s Ofsted reports page, the school's Unique Reference Number (URN), the name of the controlling [[multi-academy trust]], and other schools that have existed on the site.
**** It also allows you to search for an establishment group, including single/[[multi-academy trust]]s and sponsors, and local authority maintained school federations and trusts. It provides some information such as the Unique Identifier (UID) and [[Companies House]] number.
** Schools are inspected by [[Ofsted]] (a separate government department independent of the DfE) and independent schools are inspected by the [[Independent Schools Inspectorate]] (ISI) — reports can be accessed via their websites. Ofsted reports are published under the OGL license- which is equivalent to a CC-BY-SA 4.0.The śtatement "[[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/  Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright" is useful.
** Schools are required to include statutory information on their website, {{cite web |title=What academies, free schools and colleges should publish online |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/what-academies-free-schools-and-colleges-should-publish-online |website=GOV.UK |access-date=22 October 2020}} or {{cite web |title=What maintained schools must publish online |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/what-maintained-schools-must-publish-online |website=gov.uk |access-date=22 October 2020}}  refer.
** Local authorities have comprehensive websites which provide details of school admissions policies and other information. The [https://www.gov.uk/find-local-council "Find your local council"] page on the [[Gov.uk|GOV.UK]] website allows you to find your local council by entering a [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|postcode]].
** Many schools are [[Academy (English school)|academies]] and the websites of these schools, as well as the "Get information about schools" page, has a link to the controlling Academy trust/[[multi-academy trust]]. They publish annual reports and financial statements that may be of use.
** There are school appointments advertised via [[TES (magazine)|TES]]; where [https://www.tes.com/jobs/browse/secondary concise descriptions of schools] are provided, along with maps and official links, brochures etc.

*'''Scotland''':
** [[Education Scotland]] and its "[https://education.gov.scot/parentzone Parentzone Scotland]" page on the [[Scottish Government|GOV.SCOT]] website has comprehensive information about schools.
*** "[https://education.gov.scot/parentzone/find-a-school Find a school]" page allows you to search for a school and provides basic information such as location, SEED Number and a link to the school's inspection reports.
*** Schools and ISC-member independent schools are inspected by [https://education.gov.scot/inspection-reports Education Scotland].
** The "[https://education.gov.scot/parentzone/my-school/School%20information%20dashboard School Information Dashboard]" provided by the [[Scottish Government]] allows you to search for a school and provides detailed information such as location, enrolment figures, ratio and full-time equivalent.

*'''Wales''':
** The [[Department for Education and Skills (Wales)|Department for Education and Skills]] (DfES) on the [[Welsh Government|GOV.WALES]] website has comprehensive information about schools.
*** "[http://mylocalschool.wales.gov.uk/ My Local School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724143140/http://mylocalschool.wales.gov.uk/ |date=2019-07-24 }}" page allows you to search for a school and provides detailed information such as location, enrolment figures, ratio and full-time equivalent. The "[https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/ Get information about schools]" page on the [[Gov.uk|GOV.UK]] website can be used to find the URN of the school and provides basic information.
** Schools and ISC-member independent schools are inspected by [[Estyn]]. Stats are published by the [https://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/?topic=Education+and+skills&lang=en Welsh Government].

*'''Northern Ireland''':
** The [[Department of Education (Northern Ireland)|Department of Education]] (DENI) on the [[Gov.uk|GOV.UK]] website has comprehensive information about schools.
*** [https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/services/schools-plus Schools Plus] page allows you to search for a school and provides detailed information such as location, enrolment figures, ratio and full-time equivalent.
*** Schools and ISC-member independent schools are inspected by [https://www.etini.gov.uk/ Education Training Inspectorate] (ETI).

====United States====
* The National Center for Education Statistics' [https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/index.asp Search for Public School Districts] provides numbers of students, schools, staff, and students; total budget numbers; and more. It can be cited easily with [[Template:NCES District ID]].
* Each state has an education agency that oversees the state's schools & school systems and publishes information reports. i.e. [https://rptsvr1.tea.texas.gov/perfreport/tapr/ Texas Academic Performance Reports].

===Awards===
''(Note: These are examples only and the list is not intended to be exhaustive. Contributors are welcome to add other ''notable'' international or national awards here so that they can be researched and used by other school article editors.)''

Awards should only be mentioned if they themselves are notable. Not all awards are genuine awards. Local awards for Beautiful Gardens around the schoolyard, or Good Food for the school canteen do not really count.

In the United Kingdom, information on awards is available at [http://www.teachingawards.com/ UK teaching awards], and at [http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/educationoverview/events/eventsarchive/schoolachievementawards/ School Achievement Award Scheme]. Budget allocations for a Specialism College (in the UK) are not items for the 'Awards' section.

In the United States, information on awards is available at [http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/index.html Blue Ribbon Schools Program run by the United States Department of Education] and at [http://www.blueribbonschools.com Blue Ribbon Schools of Excellence Program (BRSE)]. See also Wikipedia article: [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program]].

In Australia, the [http://www.theorderofaustralia.asn.au Citizenship Award Order of Australia] in Queensland confers awards to primary and secondary schools in [[Queensland]] each year. Such awards could contribute to the level of notability required for primary school articles. [http://songs.generationone.org.au/ People's Choice Awards] gives one prize per year for a school video from over 1,100 registered contenders.

Global: [http://www.globalgateway.org.uk/default.aspx?page=4705 The International School Award] for cross-cultural school projects is administered by the British Council in the UK and with partners in many other countries.

==Alumni==
{{redirect|WP:ALUMNI||Wikipedia:Namechecking|and|Wikipedia:Your alma mater is not your ticket to Wikipedia|and|Wikipedia:List of colleges and universities by number of alumni with Wikipedia pages}}
<span id="ALUMNI"></span>{{Shortcut|WP:ALUMNI}}
All alumni information must be referenced. See [[Wikipedia:Footnoting]] for technical help. Individual alumni need a citation to (a) verify that they did indeed attend the school, and (b) verify the statement of their [[WP:N|notability]] in their short one- or two-line description. When alumni have their own articles in mainspace, it is {{clarify span|reason=Unclear; how does this square with WP:V? See Talk#Lists, Verifiability, and Notability|date=November 2020|not necessary for their notability to be referenced, as long as it is done in the biographical articles}}. Be sure to check the existing biography article to ensure that it demonstrates alumni status with a cited reference. 

;Who should be included?
For stand-alone lists of alumni, alumni to be included must meet [[WP:LISTCRITERIA|the normal criteria established for that page]]. Inclusion in Lists of alumni included as part of a large article should be determined by [[WP:SOURCELIST]] and the same criteria used to determine the inclusion of other material in the article according to Wikipedia policies and guidelines (including [[Wikipedia:Trivia sections]]).

All alumni meeting these criteria are to be included on an alumni list, regardless of how much time they have spent on a school roll, from one day to several years, and whether or not they graduated.

;Style of entries
The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (embedded lists)]] guideline invites consideration of whether information might be more appropriately presented in list or prose form. As the notable alumni of a school typically form an assorted group with little in common, describing all of them in prose would be clumsy. Unless there are very few notable alumni, lists are recommended as the most accessible way of presenting all of them. Adding a prose summary is encouraged, particularly if the list is split off as a separate article.

Entries should be bulleted and have a ''very brief'' description of their notability. Links to articles related to an entry are encouraged, but beware of overlinking, for example if many alumni have entered parliament, there is no need to link to the parliament of a certain country more than once. After a description, state when they graduated or what years they attended. 

Alumni sections do not include photos of alumni. Stand-alone alumni list-articles may have photos, and this is encouraged.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Schools/Article_advice/Archive_2#Pictures_in_alumni_sections | title=Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Schools/Article advice/Archive 2 }}</ref>

Alumni may be categorized alphabetically, or according to the field that made them famous: e.g. [[politics]], [[medicine]], [[academia]]. It is acceptable to list someone in more than one field, provided that this is mentioned in a side note. Add something like: "(Also listed in sport)".

As all alumni who attended a school for any amount of time must be included across all alumni articles, some attendees will have attended more than one school. Place in brackets the name of any other schools that they attended.

* Most Rev Sir [[Marcus Loane]] KBE, Anglican Archbishop of Sydney (1966–1982) (also attended [[The King's School, Sydney|King's School]])

;Separate alumni pages
If a list of alumni in a school article becomes quite large, consider moving it to another page entitled "List of...". It is not necessary to include "notable" in the article title, as all articles in the mainspace need to follow [[WP:N|notability guidelines]]. Have a look at other alumni pages in [[:Category:Lists of people by school affiliation]], for an example of a separate alumni page see [[List of Old Malvernians]] with its summary. If the alumni are listed in a separate article, the alumni section in the school article should link to the list article and provide a brief summary. See [[Harrow School#Notable alumni]] or [[Baltimore City College#Notable alumni]] for examples of such summaries.

;Notable alumni sources
Alumni to be included should meet Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Bio#Basic criteria|notability criteria]], and must be [[WP:V|verifiable]]; a biography page in Wikipedia that does not provide a source cannot be used as a reference. The following is a list of external sources which contain notable alumni from various schools. Ideally this should be used for sources that are selective (separating the most notable from the rest of the alumni). When using information from one of these sources, always try to confirm it with another source (such as a newspaper article specifically about the person) and don't automatically assume any source is comprehensive, even in its field of expertise. Ideally you should confirm something from both sides (e.g. the school acknowledges the individual, and the individual acknowledges the school).

====International sources====
*[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/adbonline.htm Australian Dictionary of Biography] – The Australian Dictionary of Biography has a quite comprehensive database of notable [[Australians]]. Most bios seem to mention the person's high school and university (if applicable).

;United States
Athletes:
*[http://www.thebaseballcube.com/ The Baseball Cube] has a very extensive database of baseball players, with the data searchable by city, high school, college, team, etc.
*[https://www.basketball-reference.com/friv/high_schools.cgi Basketball Reference] has a list of NBA players' high schools, searchable by state. 
*[http://www.baseballcoaches.org/bcahistory.jsp National High School Baseball Coaches Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828064430/http://baseballcoaches.org/bcahistory.jsp |date=2008-08-28 }} contains lists of BCA award winners back to 1992, including National Senior Players of the Year Winners, Coaches of the Year and Assistant Coaches of the Year (by District), and National Groundskeeper/Field of the Year; District and National High School Baseball Coaches Association All American Teams, 2005 through 2007; National, District, and BCA/Louisville Slugger State Players of Year. The [http://www.baseballcoaches.org/hof.pdf BCA Hall Of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512001946/http://www.baseballcoaches.org/hof.pdf |date=2008-05-12 }} lists coaches inducted after meeting criteria, including 20 years of varsity coaching experience, and being elected.

Local sources:
*[http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/node/38 Boston Public Schools] – Includes various notable people like [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy]]. Lists about a dozen schools.
*[http://www.bcps.org/board/alumni/ Baltimore County Public Schools] – Already partly used for [[Dulaney High School]], but not all names could be used yet, either because their notability isn't confirmed, or a particular school doesn't have an article.
*[http://www.houstonisd.org/Page/32173 Houston Independent School District] - Used as a source in several articles about schools operated by this district

;Individual alumni information;
Use [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Schools/Alumni|this sub-page]] for recording school alumni who can't yet be placed in an article (e.g. the school article doesn't exist yet). When an article is made, the info can be moved there. By linking from this sub-page, somebody who creates the article would see this in the backlinks.

==Notes==
===Naming note===
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<center>Return to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Schools|'''main project page''']] of WikiProject Schools.</center>

[[Category:WikiProject Schools|Article advice]]